136 Contact Lenses

Introduction

Contact lenses are thin, curved lenses that are placed directly on the surface of the eyes to correct vision. They have revolutionized vision correction and eye care. These lenses offer an alternative to traditional eyeglasses, providing convenience and aesthetic benefits. The development and widespread use of contact lenses are a prime example of how science, technology, and society intersect. Advances in materials science and optical technology have led to the creation of more comfortable and effective lenses, while societal trends and demands have driven their popularity and accessibility. This chapter will explore the journey of contact lenses from their inception to their current state, highlighting the scientific breakthroughs, technological innovations, and societal impacts that have shaped their evolution.

History and Development

The concept of contact lenses dates back to the early 16th century when Leonardo da Vinci first illustrated the idea of altering corneal power using a water-filled glass hemisphere (College of Optometrists, 2024). However, it wasn’t until the late 19th century that practical contact lenses were developed. In 1887, German glassblower F. E. Muller created the first eye-covering lens, and in 1888, German ophthalmologist Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick successfully fitted the first contact lens (College of Optometrists, 2024). The evolution continued with the introduction of plastic lenses in the 1930s and the development of soft hydrogel lenses in the 1960s, which significantly improved comfort and wearability (College of Optometrists, 2024).

Today, contact lenses are a crucial component of modern eye care, with around 45 million Americans using them for vision correction (Vision Center, 2025). Advances in materials, such as silicone hydrogels, have enhanced oxygen permeability, reducing the risk of complications and increasing comfort (Cleveland Clinic, 2023). Contact lenses are not only popular for their practical benefits but also for their cosmetic appeal, making them a preferred choice for many individuals seeking both functional and aesthetic improvements in their vision (Vision Center, 2025).

By examining the development and widespread use of contact lenses through the lens of science, technology, and society, we can appreciate how technological advancements have shaped their role in contemporary eye care and their impact on daily life.

Benefits and Risks

Contact lenses have significantly influenced society by providing a convenient and often preferred alternative to eyeglasses. They offer numerous benefits, such as a wider field of vision and the absence of frames that can obstruct peripheral sight, making them particularly advantageous for sports and other physical activities (WebMD, 2024). Additionally, contact lenses can enhance self-esteem and confidence by allowing individuals to maintain a natural appearance without the need for glasses. Advances in contact lens technology have also led to improved comfort and eye health, with innovations such as daily disposable lenses and lenses designed for extended wear. These developments have made contact lenses a popular choice for vision correction, demonstrating their ongoing relevance and adaptability in modern society.

While contact lenses offer numerous benefits, they also come with potential negative effects that can impact society. One significant concern is the risk of eye infections, which can occur if lenses are not properly cleaned and maintained. According to Harvard Health, common issues include eye irritation, conjunctivitis (pink eye), and more severe conditions like corneal ulcers and infectious keratitis (Harvard Health, 2021). These infections can lead to serious complications, including vision loss, if not promptly treated.

Another issue is the potential for dry eyes, which can be exacerbated by prolonged contact lens wear. The lenses can reduce the amount of oxygen reaching the cornea, leading to discomfort and dryness (OnlyMyHealth, 2025). This condition, known as hypoxia, can weaken the eye’s defense system, making it more susceptible to infections and other complications.

Moreover, improper use of contact lenses, such as sleeping in lenses not designed for overnight wear, can increase the risk of severe eye problems. Reports have shown that such practices can lead to corneal infections and even necessitate corneal transplants in extreme cases (Harvard Health, 2021). These risks highlight the importance of proper lens care in order to minimize potential negative effects on eye health.

References

Cleveland Clinic. (2023, July 6). Contact Lenses: Types and How To Use Them. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/10737-contacts

The history of contact lenses. (2024). College-Optometrists.org. https://www.college-optometrists.org/the-british-optical-association-museum/the-history-of-contact-lenses

Vision Center. (2025). Contact lens usage: Statistics and trend. https://www.visioncenter.org/resources/contact-lens-statistics/

Gaedke, A. (2025, March 25). Environmental Impact of Contact Lenses: A Clearer Perspective. WebEyeCare. https://webeyecare.com/blog/environmental-impact-of-contact-lenses-a-clearer-perspective/

Mary Jo DiLonardo. (2018, April 12). Contacts vs. Glasses. WebMD; WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/contacts-or-glasses

Kumar, V. (2025, February 6). What Are the Negative Effects of Contact Lenses How It May Cause Hypoxia in the Eye. Onlymyhealth; OnlyMyHealth. https://www.onlymyhealth.com/negative-effects-of-wearing-contact-lenses-12977825029

MD, R. H. S. (2021, August 3). Can wearing contacts harm your vision? Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/can-wearing-contacts-harm-your-vision-202108032559

AI Use Disclosure

I used Microsoft Co-Pilot to help me find information about contact lenses that fits the goals of this textbook chapter. It gave me ideas, sources, and helped with editing. I then used the other sources I had gathered to apply other elements to the chapter.

scite.ai.  (2023). Co-Pilot [Large Language Model].  https://copilot.microsoft.com